| |
|
Important Statistics |
|
Back |
|
Glossary |
Table 33. Lok Sabha Elections, 1952-91 (in numbers of
seats and percentages of total votes)
| Party |
1952 |
1957 |
1962 |
1967 |
1971 |
1977 |
1980 |
1984 |
1989 |
1991 |
| Congress (Congress (I) after 1978) |
364 (45.0) |
371 (47.8) |
361 (46.0) |
283 (40.7) |
352 (43.7) |
154 (34.5) |
353 (42.7) |
415 (48.1) |
197 (39.5) |
227 (37.6) |
| Communist Party of India |
16 (3.3) |
27 (8.9) |
29 (10.0) |
23 (5.2) |
23 (4.7) |
7 (2.8) |
11 (2.6) |
6 (2.7) |
12 (2.6) |
14 (2.5) |
| Jana Sangh |
3 (3.1) |
4 (5.9) |
14 (6.4) |
35 (9.4) |
22 (7.4) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Republican Party |
2 (2.4) |
4 (1.5) |
3 (2.8) |
1 (2.5) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Hindu Mahasabha |
4 (1.0) |
1 (0.9) |
1 (0.4) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Ram Rajya Parishad |
3 (2.0) |
0 (0.4) |
2 (0.6) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Socialist Party |
12 (10.6) |
-- |
6 (2.5) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |
9 (5.8) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Praja Socialist Party |
-- |
19 (10.4) |
12 (6.8) |
13 (3.1) |
2 (1. 0) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Swatantra |
-- |
-- |
18 (6.8) |
44 (8.7) |
8 (3.1) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| DMK |
-- |
-- |
7 (2.0) |
25 (3.9) |
23 (3.8) |
1 (1.7) |
16 (2.1) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Communist Party of India (Marxist) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
19 (4.2) |
25 (5.1) |
22 (4.3) |
36 (6.1) |
22 (5.7) |
33 (6.5) |
35 (6.7) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Samyukta Socialist Party |
-- |
-- |
-- |
23 (4.9) |
3 (2.4) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Congress (O) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
16 (10.4) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Janata Party |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
298 (43.0) |
31 (19.0) |
10 (6.7) |
-- |
-- |
| AIDDMK |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
19 (3.0) |
2 (2.4) |
12 (1.6) |
11 (1.5) |
11 (2.3) |
| Congress (U) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
13 (5.3) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
| Lok Dal (DMKP in 1984) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
41 (9.4) |
3 (5.6) |
-- |
-- |
| Congress (S) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5 (1.7) |
-- |
-- |
| AGP |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
7 (1.0) |
-- |
-- |
| BJP |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
2 (7.4) |
85 (11.4) |
119 (21.0) |
| Telegu Desam |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
30 (4.1) |
2 (3.3) |
13 (3.0) |
| Janata Dal |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
143 (17.8) |
56 (11.6) |
| Samajwadi Janata Party |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
5 (3.5) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shiv Sena |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
4 (0.8) |
| Other parties |
35 (11.1) |
29 (4.8) |
14 (4.3) |
19 (3.7) |
30 (10.) |
32 (5.2) |
17 (4.0) |
24 (7.3) |
33 (12.2) |
26 (6.3) |
| Independents |
41 (15.8) |
39 (19.4) |
27 (12.3) |
35 (13.8) |
14 (8.4) |
9 (5.5) |
9 (6.4) |
5 (8.1) |
12 (5.2) |
1 (4.7) |
| Electorate (in millions) |
173.2 |
193.7 |
217.7 |
250.6 |
274.1 |
321.2 |
363.9 |
400.1 |
498.1 |
501.0 |
| Turnout (in percentage) |
45.7 |
47.7 |
55.4 |
61.3 |
55.3 |
60.5 |
57.0 |
64.1 |
61.9 |
51.1 |
| Total seats authorized |
489 |
494 |
494 |
520 |
518 |
542 |
542 |
542 |
543 |
537 |
Source: Based on information from Robert L. Hardgrave
and Stanley A. Kochanek, India: Government and
Politics in a Developing Nation, Forth Worth, 1993,
314, 319-20, 347.
|
Table 34. Order of Battle for the Armed Forces, 1994
| Branch and Units |
Personnel or Unit |
| Army |
|
| Personnel |
940,000 |
| Regional commands |
5 |
| Corps |
12 |
| Armored divisions |
2 |
| Tank regiments |
55 |
| Mechanized divisions |
1 |
| Infantry divisions |
22 |
| Battalions |
355 |
| Mountain infantry divisions |
10 |
| Independent brigades |
14 |
| Airborne/commando |
1 |
| Armored |
5 |
| Artillery |
3 |
| Regiments |
290 |
| Infantry |
7 |
| Mountain |
1 |
| Surface-to-surface missile brigade |
1 |
| Air defense brigades |
6 |
| Engineer brigades |
3 |
| Army aviation |
|
| Air observation squadrons |
8 |
| Antitank/transport squadrons |
6 |
| Navy |
|
| Personnel |
|
| Line and staff |
48,000 |
| Naval air force |
5,000 |
| Marines |
1,000 |
| Total navy personnel |
54,000 |
| Commands |
3 |
| Fleets |
2 |
| Naval bases |
9 |
| Air Force |
|
| Personnel |
110,000 |
| Air commands |
5 |
| Reserve forces personnel |
|
| Territorial Army |
36,456 |
| National Cadet Corps |
1,120,000 |
| Civil Defence Volunteers |
336,000 |
| Home Guards |
472,098 |
| Total reserve forces personnel |
1,964,554 |
| |
|
| Paramilitary forces personnel |
|
| Assam Rifles |
40,000 |
| Border Security Force |
90,000 |
| Coast Guard Organisation |
3,173 |
| Central Industrial Security Force |
83,781 |
| Central Reserve Police Force |
90,000 |
| Defence Security Force |
30,000 |
| Indo-Tibetan Border Police |
14,000 |
| Rashtriya Rifles |
5,000 |
| National Security Guards |
83,781 |
| Provincial Armed Constabulary |
250,000 |
| Railway Protection Force |
70,000 |
| Special Frontier Force |
3,000 |
| Total paramilitary forces personnel |
762,735 |
Source: Based on information from The Military
Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 153-56; and
SP's Military Yearbook, 1993-94, ed., J. Baranwal,
New Delhi, 1993, 291, 305, 319, 358, and 363.
|
Table 35. Major Army Equipment, 1994
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
Number in Inventory |
| Armored vehicles |
|
|
| Tanks |
|
|
| Arjun MBT-90 main battle |
India |
-- |
| Vijayanta main battle |
-do- |
1,200 |
| T-55 main battle |
-do- |
800 |
| T-72/M1 main battle |
-do- |
1,400 |
| PT-76 light amphibious |
-do- |
100 |
| Reconnaissance and personnel |
|
|
| BRDM-2 reconnaissance vehicles |
-do- |
n.a. |
| Ferret (IS) reconnaissance vehicles |
Britain |
n.a. |
| BMP-1, BMP-2 armored infantry fighting vehicles
(Sarath) |
India |
900 |
| OT-62, OT-64 armored personnel carriers |
-do- |
157 |
| BTR-50, BTR-60, BTR-152 armored personnel
carriers |
-do- |
100 |
| FV432 armored personnel carriers |
Britain |
n.a. |
| Recovery |
|
|
| Vijayanta |
India |
n.a. |
| Artillery |
|
|
| Towed |
|
|
| 75mm 75/24 mountain howitzers |
India |
900 |
| 76mm M-48 mountain guns |
Yugoslavia |
215 |
| 85mm D-48 antitank guns |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| 25-pounder field guns |
Britain |
n.a. |
| 100mm M-1944 towed howitzers |
Soviet Union |
185 |
| 105mm (including M-56 pack) howitzers |
India, Italy |
50 |
| 105mm IFG Mk I/Mk II howitzers |
India |
1,200 |
| 105mm light field guns |
-do- |
533 |
| 130mm M-46 towed howitzers |
Soviet Union |
550 |
| 5.5-inch medium howitzers |
Britain |
n.a. |
| 155mm FH-77B howitzers |
Sweden |
410 |
| 180mm S-23 howitzers |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| Self-propelled |
|
|
| 25-pounder howitzers |
Britain |
n.a. |
| 105mm Abbott howitzers |
India |
80 |
| 155mm howitzers |
n.a. |
-- |
| 130mm M-46 Catapult howitzers |
India |
100 |
| Multiple rocket launchers |
|
|
| 122mm BM-21 |
-do- |
80 |
| 122mm BM-24 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| |
|
|
| Mortars |
|
|
| 81mm E-1 |
India |
n.a. |
| 120mm E-1 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| 120mm M-43 |
Soviet Union |
1,000 |
| 120mm Brandt AM-50, E-1 |
Netherlands |
500 |
| 160mm M-160 |
Soviet Union |
200 |
| Antitank and guided weapons |
|
|
| 57mm M-18 recoilless rifles |
Brazil |
n.a. |
| 84mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifles |
Sweden |
n.a. |
| 106mm M-40A1 recoilless rifles |
United States |
1,000 |
| MILAN |
India |
n.a. |
| Nag |
-do- |
n.a. |
| AT-3 Sagger |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| AT-4 Spigot |
-do- |
n.a. |
| AT-5 Spandrel |
-do- |
n.a. |
| ENTAC |
France |
n.a. |
| Mines, antipersonnel |
|
|
| M14 |
India |
n.a. |
| M16A |
-do- |
n.a. |
| Mines, antitank |
|
|
| M1A |
-do- |
n.a. |
| M3A |
-do- |
n.a. |
| Antiaircraft weapons |
|
|
| 20mm Oerlikon, towed |
Switzerland |
n.a. |
| 23mm ZU 32/2 air defense guns |
Soviet Union |
140 |
| 23mm ZSU 23 air defense guns |
-do- |
n.a. |
| 23mm ZSU 23/4 self-propelled air defense guns
|
-do- |
75 |
| 30mm 2S6 self-propelled air defense guns |
-do- |
8 |
| 40mm L40/60 air defense guns |
Sweden |
1,245 |
| 40mm L40/70 automatic guns |
-do- |
1,000 |
| Surface-to-air missiles |
|
|
| SA-2 Guideline |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| SA-3 Goa |
-do- |
n.a. |
| SA-6 Gainful |
-do- |
100 |
| SA-7 Grail |
-do- |
620 |
| SA-8A and SA-8B Gecko |
-do- |
48 |
| SA-9 Gaskin |
-do- |
200 |
| SA-11 Gadfly |
-do- |
50 |
| SA-13 Gopher |
-do- |
45 |
| SA-16 |
-do- |
200 |
| Trishul |
India |
n.a.5 |
| |
|
|
| Agni |
-do- |
n.a.5 |
| Akash |
-do- |
n.a.5 |
| Surface-to-surface missiles |
|
|
| Prithvi |
-do- |
15 |
| Helicopters |
|
|
| Cheetah SA-315 |
India |
40 |
| Chetak SA-319 |
-do- |
50 |
| HAL advanced light helicopter |
-do- |
1 |
Source: Based on information from The Military
Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154; Jane's
Infantry Weapons, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United
Kingdom, 1994, 389-90; Jane's Armour and Artillery,
1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994, 61-63,
154, 351-52, 543, 614-15, 692, 773; and Jane's
Military Vehicles and Logistics, 1994-95, Coulsdon,
United Kingdom, 1994, 34, 199-200.
|
Table 36. Major Naval Equipment, 1994
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
Number in Inventory |
| Navy Ships |
|
|
| Submarines |
|
|
| Sindhugosh class (Soviet Kilo (Type 877EM)
class) |
Soviet Union |
8 |
| Kursura class (Soviet Foxtrot (Type 641) class) |
-do- |
6 |
| Shishumar class (German 209 class, Type HDW
1500) |
Germany, India |
4 |
| Carriers |
|
|
| INS Viraat (Hermes class) with 12 Sea
Harriers FRS Mk 51, 7 Sea Kings, Mk 42B/C, 1 Ka-27
helicopter |
Britain |
1 |
| INS Vikrant (Majestic class) with 6 Sea
Harriers FRS Mk 51, 9 Sea Kings Mk 42, 1 Chetak SAR |
-do- |
1 |
| Destroyers |
|
|
| Rajput class (Soviet Kashin II class) with Goa
surface-to-air missiles, Styx surface-to-surface
missiles, 533mm torpedo tubes, antisubmarine rocket
launchers, and Ka-28 helicopter |
Soviet Union |
5 |
| Delhi class with SS-N-22 Sunburn and SA-N-7
missiles; 324mm torpedo tubes; 2 Sea King Mk42B or
HAL advanced light helicopters |
India |
2 |
| Frigates |
|
|
| Godavari class with Sea King helicopters,
antisubmarine torpedo tubes, and Styx surface-to-
surface missiles |
-do- |
3 |
| Nilgiri class (British Leander class) with
antisubmarine torpedo tubes, Limbo antisubmarine
warfare mortars, Chetak and Sea King helicopters,
antisubmarine warfare rocket launchers, and 114mm
guns |
-do- |
6 |
| Kamorta class (Soviet Petya II class) with
antisubmarine rocket launchers, 533mm torpedo tubes,
and minelaying capabilities |
Soviet Union |
5 |
| Corvettes |
|
|
| Khukri class (antisubmarine warfare) with Styx
surface-to-surface missiles and helicopter deck |
India |
5 |
| Durg class (Soviet Nanuchka II class) with Styx
surface-to-surface missiles |
Soviet Union |
3 |
| Veer class (Soviet Tarantul I class) with Styx
surface-to-surface missiles |
Soviet Union, India |
9 |
| Abhay class (Soviet Pauk II class) with
antisubmarine torpedo tubes and antisubmarine
mortars |
-do- |
4 |
| Patrol forces ships |
|
|
| Vidyut class (Soviet Osa II class) with Styx
surface-to-surface missiles |
Soviet Union |
8 |
| Sukanya patrol ship, offshore with 1 Oerlikon
20mm gun, 1 Chetak helicopter |
South Korea, India |
8 |
| SDB Mk 2 patrol ship, inshore |
India |
5 |
| SDB Mk 3 patrol ship, inshore |
-do- |
7 |
| Mine warfare and countermeasure ships |
|
|
| Pondicherry minesweeper, ocean (Soviet Natya I
class) with minelaying capabilities |
Soviet Union |
12 |
| Mahé minesweeper, inshore (Soviet Yevgenya
class) |
-do- |
6 |
| Bulsar minesweeper, inshore (British Ham class)
|
Britain, India |
4 |
| Amphibious ships |
|
|
| Magar class landing ship, tank, 200 troops, 12
tanks, 1 helicopter |
India |
2 |
| Vasco da Gama class (Mk 3) landing ship,
utility, 287 troops |
-do- |
7 |
| Ghorpad class landing ship, medium (Soviet
Polnocny C and D), 140 troops, 6 tanks |
Soviet Union |
8 |
| Naval Air Force |
|
|
| Attack aircraft |
|
|
| Sea Harrier FRS Mk 51 |
Britain |
23 |
| HAL Jaguar (Shamsher) |
India |
8 |
| Antisubmarine helicopters |
|
|
| Chetak |
-do- |
26 |
| HAL advanced light helicopter |
-do- |
1 |
| Ka-25 Hormone |
Soviet Union |
7 |
| Ka-28 Helix |
-do- |
10 |
| Sea King Mk 4 |
Britain |
12 |
| Sea King Mk 4A/4B |
-do- |
32 |
| Marine reconnaissance and antisubmarine warfare
aircraft |
|
|
| PBN-2B Defender (utility) |
-do- |
13 |
| Il-38 May |
Soviet Union |
5 |
| Tu-142M Bear F |
-do- |
10 |
| HAL Dornier-228-201 |
India |
10 |
| Communications aircraft |
|
|
| BN-2 Islander |
Britain |
5 |
| HAL Dornier-228 |
India |
2 |
| Chetak helicopters |
-do- |
3 |
| Search and rescue helicopters |
|
|
| Sea King Mk 42C |
Britain |
6 |
| Training aircraft |
|
|
| Sea Harrier T-Mk 60 (training) |
-do- |
3 |
| Kiran HJT-16 |
India |
6 |
| Deepak HPT-32 |
-do- |
8 |
| Training helicopters |
|
|
| Chetak |
-do- |
2 |
| MD Hughes 300 |
United States |
4 |
| Missiles |
|
|
| Air-to-air |
|
|
| R-550 Magic I and II |
France |
45 |
| Antisubmarine |
|
|
| Sea Eagle |
Britain |
n.a. |
| Sea Skua |
-do- |
n.a. |
Source: Based on information from The Military
Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 154-55;
Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United
Kingdom, 1994, 279-93; and Jane's All the World's
Aircraft, 1994-95, Coulsdon, United Kingdom, 1994,
119, 121-23.
|
Table 37. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994
| Type and Description |
Country of Origin |
Number in Inventory |
| Fighters, ground-attack |
|
|
| MiG-21MF/PFMA |
Soviet Union |
144 |
| MiG-23 BN/UM |
-do- |
54 |
| Shamsher (Jaguar) |
Britain, India |
89 |
| Babhadur (MiG-27) |
India |
120 |
| Fighters |
|
|
| HAL light combat aircraft |
-do- |
n.a. |
| MiG-21 FL/U |
Soviet Union |
74 |
| MiG-21 bis/U |
-do- |
170 |
| MiG-23 MF/UM |
-do- |
26 |
| MiG-29 UB |
-do- |
59 |
| Mirage 2000H/TH |
France |
35 |
| Electric countermeasures |
|
|
| Canberra B(I) 58 |
Britain |
5 |
| Airborne surveillance warning and control system
(ASWACS) |
|
|
| HS-758 |
India |
4 |
| Maritime attack |
|
|
| Jaguar with Sea Eagle |
Britain |
8 |
| Helicopters, attack |
|
|
| Mi-25 |
Soviet Union |
18 |
| Mi-35 |
-do- |
18 |
| HAL advanced light helicopter |
India |
1 |
| Reconnaissance aircraft |
|
|
| Canberra PR-57 |
Britain |
6 |
| Camberra PR-67 |
-do- |
2 |
| Andover HS-728 |
-do- |
4 |
| MiG-23R |
Soviet Union |
6 |
| MiG-23U |
-do- |
2 |
| Maritime reconnaissance/survey aircraft |
|
|
| Gulfstream IV SRA |
United States |
2 |
| Learjet 29 |
-do- |
2 |
| Transport aircraft |
|
|
| An-32 Sutlej |
Soviet Union |
105 |
| Il-76 Gajraj |
-do- |
24 |
| BAe-748 |
Britain |
33 |
| Dornier-228 |
Germany |
30 |
| Transport helicopters |
|
|
| Mi-8 |
Soviet Union |
80 |
| Mi-17 |
-do- |
50 |
| Mi-26 |
-do- |
10 |
| |
|
|
| VIP aircraft |
|
|
| Boeing 707-337C |
United States |
2 |
| Boeing 737 |
-do- |
3 |
| BAe-748 |
Britain |
7 |
| Liaison aircraft |
|
|
| BAe-748 |
-do- |
16 |
| Training aircraft |
|
|
| BAe-748 |
-do- |
28 |
| Hunter F-56 |
-do- |
20 |
| Hunter T-66 |
-do- |
18 |
| Canberra T-54 |
-do- |
2 |
| Canberra TT-18 |
-do- |
5 |
| Jaguar IB |
France, Britain |
15 |
| Kiran I |
India |
120 |
| Kiran II |
-do- |
56 |
| Deepak HPT-32 |
-do- |
88 |
| HT-2 |
-do- |
60 |
| HTT-35 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| MiG-29 UB |
Soviet Union |
5 |
| Iskara TS-11 ac |
Poland |
44 |
| Training helicopters |
|
|
| Chetak |
India |
20 |
| Mi-24 |
Soviet Union |
2 |
| Mi-35 |
-do- |
2 |
| Missiles |
|
|
| Air-to-surface |
|
|
| Akash |
India |
n.a. |
| AM-39 Exocet |
France |
n.a. |
| AS-7 Kerry |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| AS-10 Karen |
-do- |
n.a. |
| AS-11B |
France |
n.a. |
| AS-30 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| FAB-500 |
Soviet Union |
n.a. |
| FAB-750 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| FAB-1000 |
-do- |
n.a. |
| Sea Eagle |
Britain |
n.a. |
| Air-to-air |
|
|
| |